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Pest Management

OUCH! “Thorny” Weeds

October 26, 2018

You know when you touch a thorny weed because it hurts! But technically, botanists identify those “thorns” on weeds as spines or prickles. They not only give gardeners pause, but also help protect plants from animal damage. Thorns, spines, and prickles appear on different plant parts and can help with identification.

Honey locust tree_Gleditsia triacanthos_Dane Larsen_CC BY-NC 2.0_Flickr
Thorns on honey locust tree
  • Spines are modified leaves, leaflets, petioles, or stipules. Think cactus or thistles.
  • Prickles are modified epidural (outer) cells found on blackberry, raspberry, and rose stems.
  • True thorns are modified stems or branches—like those on honey locust trees (Gleditsia triacanthos)—that are long, wicked-looking things, capable of serious damage.

To gardeners who get their fingers stuck while weeding, it matters not if that weed has spines, prickles, or thorns.  It still hurts!

Weeds that stick and prick
Common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) is a native summer annual. It has alternate, triangular leaves and the stems have spots ranging from maroon to black. The oval shaped fruit (bur) is covered with spines. Burs start out green and turn brown in the fall. Each bur has two seeds—one growing the first year, with the second seed growing the next year. Cockleburs are spread by the burs hitching rides on animals and humans. They can be found in fields, roadsides, and wasteland.

Burrweed or spurweed (Soliva sessilis) is an annual winter weed found in lawns, mostly along the coast and in Piedmont N.C. It has low ferny foliage and sharp, spiny seed pods that ripen in spring and hurt your feet if you step on them barefoot. It is an early source of food for honey bees and other pollinators.

Cocklebur_Xanthium strumarium_Dan Mullen_CC BY-NC-ND 2.0_Flickr
Cocklebur
Burrweed_Soliva sessilis_Harry Rose_CC BY 2.0_Flickr
Burrweed or spurweed

Spiny sowthistle (Sonchus asper) is a summer annual weed with deeply notched and wavy leaves with sharp spines on leaf margins. The young plant is a basal rosette (leaves radiating from the base of the stem and usually close to the ground). Older plants have an upright flowering stem (yellow flowers). It flowers in late spring into summer. It has alternately arranged oval leaves. Crushed leaves or stems produce a milky white latex. It is found in lawns, waste areas, and roadsides.

Perennial catbrier or greenbrier vines (Smilax) include some of the “ouchiest” of weeds you may face here in Western North Carolina. These are native vines that are desirable wildlife food—rabbits eat the new shoot, deer browse the leaves, and birds eat the fruits—but may not be welcome in your garden.

Spiny sowthistle_Sanchus asper_Andrey Zharkikh_CC BY 2.0_Flickr
Spiny sowthistle
Catbrier_Simlax_Mary PK Burns_CC BY-NC 2.0_Flickr
Catbrier

Thistles (Cirsium) are members of the Asteraceae (aster) family and are native to North America, Europe, and Western Asia. The European invasive bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare) is found throughout the United States and Canada. 

Bull thistle_Cirsium vulgare_Suzanne Caldwell_CC BY-NC 2.0
Bull thistle

What to do?
While these weeds mostly show up in pastures, agricultural fields, and roadsides, they can invade the garden. When dealing with any of these “ouchy” plants, it is best to wear thick gloves and approach with caution. Control vines by digging the tubers or rhizomes. Repeated cutting back and applying a drop of herbicide to the cut stem are also effective. Maintain a layer of mulch in the garden to retard weed growth. Scout for and manually pull weeds when they are small and especially when the ground is soft after a rain.

Article written by Kay Green, Extension Master GardenerSM Volunteer.

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Categories Weeds Tags bull thistle, burrweed, cocklebur, smilax, sowthistle

Goldenrod in the Garden: Dispelling the Allergy Myth

September 12, 2018

If late summer and autumn allergies—known as “hay fever”—affect you, you are not alone! Millions of Americans suffer from seasonal runny nose and itchy, watery eyes. Much of this allergic reaction is blamed on goldenrod and ragweed, when, in fact, only ragweed spreads irritating pollen—goldenrod does not! Goldenrods (Solidago spp.) and ragweed (Ambrosia spp.) mature in late summer; but the showier goldenrod is insect-pollinated, not wind-pollinated and that’s what makes the difference.

Goldenrod meadow_by BLeonard_BCEMGV
Fall meadow dressed in goldenrod

Ragweeds are the villains!
Ragweeds are annual native weeds found in cultivated areas, as well as along roadsides and meadows in heavy soils. In early spring, common ragweed’s (A. artemisiifolia) first leaves are opposite but become more deeply dissected and arranged alternately as the plant matures. It can grow to 4 feet tall. It produces only inconspicuous flowers of nondescript color, but in early autumn, breezes distribute clouds of allergy-causing pollen as we seek to enjoy the late summer and early autumn. If you learn to recognize its leaves, it is easy pull any time before it flowers, and mowing will keep it under control—you will be shearing off any flower stalks before they bloom. Note that we also have giant ragweed (A. trifida) in our area that also produces irritating pollen. It is much taller—up to 16 feet!—and has opposite leaves with 3 to 5 large lobes and flowers much like common ragweed.

Ragweed_Ambrosia artemislifolia_F D Richards_CC BY-SA 2.0_Flickr
Common ragweed
Giant ragweed_by John Hilty_Illinois Wildflowers
Giant ragweed
Ragweed flowerhead

Welcome goldenrod to your garden!
Goldenrod is a native herbaceous perennial in the aster or Asteraceae family that presents dazzling displays of brilliant yellow flowers in open meadows and roadsides. These bright yellow flowers hold sticky pollen that attract bees, butterflies, and other insects until early frost. As the floral display matures, birds flock onto upright stems to enjoy the seeds.

Goldenrod plant_lindaruthless_CC 1.0_Flickr
Goldenrod
Goldenrod flower_pietila4_CC BY-SA 2.0_Flickr
Goldenrod flowerhead
Goldenrod seeds_Maximum Autumnalty_Andrew Weitzel_CC BY-SA 2.0_Flickr
Goldenrod seeds

Although sometimes viewed as weeds, these wildflowers represent a very diverse collection of many species:

  • They range in size from little more than 12 inches to 6 feet tall.
  • Some spread aggressively, while others form well-behaved clumps.
  • In addition to soft plumes, goldenrods’ yellow flowers can be spiky or even zig-zagged!
  • There are species adapted to many habitats, from salt marshes, to swamps, prairies and woodlands.
Goldenrod (Solidago)_Leonora (Ellie) Enking_CC BY-SA 2.0_Flickr
Goldenrod in the garden

Those found in our mountains are a welcome addition to perennial gardens, combining well with Echinacea, ironweeds (Vernonia spp.), Joe Pye weeds (Eutrochium spp.), Rudbeckias, taller sedums, and ornamental grasses to add vivid color to the late summer garden. They are also lovely additions to floral arrangements. Some local natives include:

  • Early goldenrod (Solidago juncea) starts blooming in July and is drought-tolerant.
  • Sweet goldenrod (Solidago odora) has anise-scented shiny leaves, reaches only about 2 to 3 feet tall and has a well-behaved clumping habit.
  • Common goldenrod (Solidago altissima altissima also known as Solidago canadensis var. scabra) is a tall (up to 6 feet) plant that spreads aggressively by underground rhizomes, which can be an advantage in controlling erosion, even on steep slopes.

Goldenrods are subject to very few diseases, and although you may see some galls, spider mites and lace bugs, deer typically ignore them.

So, as September arrives, bringing the first falling leaves, hints of coolness in the air, and breezes carrying pollen, don’t be concerned about goldenrod. It’s a harmless beauty!

What to do about allergies?
Donna Teasley, Extension Agent, recommends ways allergy sufferers can keep symptoms to a minimum:

  • Avoid hanging laundry to dry outside.
  • Hire someone to mow the lawn during late summer.
  • Keep bedroom windows closed at night.
  • Keep car windows rolled up while driving.
  • Stay indoors on windy days and at peak pollen hours—early morning and late afternoon.

While these suggestions can certainly help allergy sufferers cope, one final thing we can do to lift our spirits as we gaze outdoors or ride along is to take time to enjoy the goldenrods!

Article written by Mary Alice Ramsey, Extension Master GardenerSM Volunteer.

More information
Read about different types of goldenrod, from the wildflower to cultivars for the garden.
NC State Extension publications

Common Ragweed
by Charles Peacock, Professor and Extension Turfgrass Specialist
NC State Extension

Giant Ragweed
by Dr. John Hilty, Illinois Wildflowers

Allergy Sufferers Alert
by Donna Teasley, Extension Agent, Burke County, NC
NC Cooperative Extension

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Categories Perennials & Biennials, Weeds Tags goldenrod, ragweed

Controlling the Weedy Creepers: It’s Not for the Faint of Heart!

August 21, 2018

Creeping Charlie, Indian mock strawberry, smilax—these innocent-sounding names describe creeping broadleaf weeds that can quickly cause problems in your landscape! These ubiquitous plants, once established, are difficult to eradicate. So, what’s a gardener to do?

Ground Ivy_Derek Hudgins_CC BY-SA 2.0_Flickr
Ground ivy or creeping Charlie

Creeping Charlie or ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea)
This mint family (Lamiaceae) member is a vigorous invasive weed European settlers brought for food and medicinal purposes. Today we consider it an uninvited guest!

Identifying characteristics: The opposite leaves are scalloped, roundish, or kidney-shaped, and heart-shaped at the base of the square stems. In the spring, creeping Charlie produces blue-violet funnel-shaped flowers in whorls at its leaf axils. It “creeps” by vining stems that take root at leaf nodes. Be careful not to confuse it with the similar-looking button weed or common mallow (Malva neglecta), which has round stems and alternate leaves; or the annual henbit (Lamium amplexicaule), a winter-blooming plant with pink flowers that may sprawl but does not root at the stem nodes.

Growing conditions: Creeping Charlie prefers moist soil and shade, but also grows in the sun. Its presence may indicate too much shade, too much moisture, and/or poor fertility.

Control: Improve surface drainage, aeration, and water less frequently. In a lawn, healthy turf can be your first line of defense. In gardens and open areas, mulch is your best deterrent. When discovered early, hand-weeding is a good option, but do not put creeping Charlie in the compost pile! As a last resort, treat out-of-control infestations with a broad-leaf weed killer in the fall; treat in spring only when the plants are in bloom. Check with the Extension service for recommended chemicals.

Indian mock strawberry_Dinesh Valke_CC BY-SA 2.0_Flickr
Indian mock strawberry

Indian mock strawberry (Duchesnea indica)
Introduced to the United States as a decorative plant with medicinal properties, this Asian native resembles “real” strawberry plants.

Identifying characteristics: Indian mock strawberry spreads using hairy stolons or runners and reproduces by seed. Its blossoms are yellow; true strawberry flowers are white or pink. In addition, mock strawberry leaves have rounded “teeth”; the teeth on cultivated or wild strawberry leaves are pointed.

Growing conditions: Indian mock strawberries like moist conditions, are shade tolerant, and close mowing is not a deterrent.

Control: As with creeping Charlie, healthy turf and mulch are two of the best ways to control and prevent infestations. Hand-pulling will take care of the problem if the infestation is small or plants are young.

Greenbrier or Smilax_Kerry Wixted_CC BY-NC 2.0_Flickr
Greenbrier, catbrier, or smilax

Greenbrier or catbrier (Smilax spp.)
These are native plants in the Liliacae family (which also includes daylilies, lilies, and yuccas). Most are woody vines, some deciduous, others are evergreen; many have thorny stems. Some are ornamental, while others are just plain weedy, but all are valuable wildlife plants providing food and cover for many species of birds and mammals.

Identifying characteristics. Smilax have well-developed underground rhizomes or tubers and most species climb using tendrils. The most common species in WNC have ovate or lance-shaped alternate green leaves; stems are round and frequently prickly. Female plants have small greenish-yellow flowers in the spring and early summer that produce blue-black berries in the fall.

Growing conditions: Smilax isn’t particularly picky. You’ll find it along roadsides, clearings, and woods where there is partial or even deep shade. Birds eating the berries facilitate seed dispersal.

Control: The plants’ extensive rhizomes make them very difficult to control. Dig plants removing as much of the root system as possible. Although the vines quickly regenerate when cut back, you can keep them from overwhelming other plants by frequent trimming. Also, smilax leaves are a favorite white-tailed deer food, so having these vines in your landscape might help spare your hostas or other ornamental plants! 

Article written by Janet Moore, Extension Master GardenerSM Volunteer. 

Read more:
TurfFiles: Ground Ivy Description
TurfFiles: Indian Mock Strawberry Description
Greenbrier (Smilax spp.)

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Categories Weeds Tags catbrier, creeping Charlie, greenbrier, ground ivy, Indian mock strawberry, smilax

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